Hiʻona:

1, Me ke kūpuna kūpuna maikaʻi loa, hoʻohana ʻia i ka mahana: mai -50degree a i + 80degree;
2, Me ke kūpaʻa ozone poʻokela a me ke kūpaʻa ultraviolet;
3, me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe tensile, elongation a me ka wikiwiki, hiki ke hāpai i kahi puncture o ka mea paʻakikī, e like me ke kūpaʻa puncture kumu;
4, Me ka lōʻihi o ke ola, hiki i ke kūleʻa kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻokō i nā makahiki 25;
5, Me ka hana ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻana, ʻaʻohe palapala hoʻopuni a me ka maʻalahi o ka hana.
Palapala Noi
Hoʻohana ākea ʻia i nā kaupaku, ka hale lalo, ka lua, kaʻauʻau, a me nā ʻano ʻoihana āpau a me nā wai kīwila e paʻa ana i ka wai, waihona wai, vivicism, alahaka, lalo honua, ʻalalā a me ka wai wai e hoʻowaiwai ai, ʻo ia hoʻi i nā papahana wai kī kī ʻoi ʻole ka paʻa, kūpaʻa kūpale kiʻekiʻe a maʻalahi deformation.